Directing Rural Development through Non-Farm Economy Entrepreneurial Strategy

Abstract

Abstract1
Entrepreneurship is one of the most important determinants of rural development.
Elaboration of this concept in rural areas needs an entrepreneurial strategy. Nowadays, the rural
development approaches have reduced their focus on development of agriculture sector and
have distinguished between rural and agricultural development. Following such an approach,
the common tendency of the new rural development approaches has led to a concept named
rural non-farm economy. This concept is along with objects and elements of entrepreneurship.
Therefore, the aim of this review study was to investigate the application of non-farm economy
as the entrepreneurial strategy for rural development. In this regard, firstly entrepreneurship
debates were investigated, and later the concept of rural non-farm economy were analyzed by
those debates. Finally, the concept of rural non-farm economy were matched with
entrepreneurship debates. The results showed that the concepts of entrepreneurship and non
farm economy have common dimensions, elements and objects. The results of this study
confirm the potential of rural non-farm economy for application as the entrepreneurial strategy.
Moreover, requirements and challenges for application of rural non-farm economy have been
discussed.

Keywords


1. احسانیفر، ت.، رستمی، ف.، نادری، ن.، رضایی، ب. 1395 . موانع و راهکارهای توسعه کارآفرینی در بخش
.1-15 :(2) کشاورزی. نشریه کارآفرینی در کشاورزی. 3
2. احمدپور داریانی، م.، مقیمی، س.م. 1392 . مبانی کارآفرینی. انتشارات نگاه دانش، تهران.
3. اکبریان رونیزی، س.، شیخ بیگلو، ر. 1395 . ظرفیت تحمل توسعه گردشگری روستایی و تدوین برنامه راهبردی
.481-495 :(4) روستای قلات (شهرستان شیراز). فصلنامه راهبردهای توسعه روستایی، 3
4. رضائی، ر.، حسینی، س.م. و محمدی پابندی، م. 1394 . شناسایی و تحلیل موانع توسعه کارآفرینی سازمانی در
.143-156 :(2) تعاونی های توسعه روستایی استان زنجا . ن فصلنامه راهبردهای توسعه روستایی، 2
5. سجاسی قیداری، ح.، شایان، ح.، نوربخش رزمی، ز. 1393 . تحلیل نقش کارآفرینی فعالیت های غیرکشاورزی در
ارتقاء کیفیت زندگی روستاییان مورد: روستاهای بخش شاندیز شهرستان بینالود. فصلنامه اقتصاد فضا و توسعه
.55 -76 :(2) روستایی، 4
6. غفاری، غ.، میرزایی، ح.، کریمی، ع. 1390 . بررسی رابطه صنعت و کیفیت زندگی- مقایسه موردی مناطق روستایی
.1-24 :(1) شهرستان قرو.ه مجله توسعه روستایی، 3
-62 :( 204 و 205 ) 7. فاضلبیگی، م.م.، یاوری، غ. 1388 . تعاون روستایی سرآغازی بر توسعه کارآفرین . ی تعاون، 20
.41
8. کریمی، س. 1395 . بررسی نقش هوش هیجانی در توسعه قصد کارآفرینانه دانشجویان کشاورزی (مطالعه موردی:
.71-84 :(1) دانشگاه های بوعلی سینا، رازی، کردستان و لرستان.) علوم ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی ایران، 12
ایران. ( NGOs) 9. مقیمی، س.م. 1383 . کارآفرینی در نهادهای جامعه مدنی: پژوهشی در سازمانهای غیر دولتی
انتشارات دانشگاه تهران و مرکز کارآفرینی دانشگاه تهران، تهران.
10. Adiyia, B., Vanneste, D., and Van Rompaey, A. 2017. The poverty alleviation potential of
tourism employment as an off-farm activity on the local livelihoods surrounding Kibale
National Park, western Uganda. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 17(1): 34-51.
11. Alsos, G.A., Carter, S., and Ljunggren, E. (Eds.). 2011. The handbook of research on
entrepreneurship in agriculture and rural development. Edward Elgar Publishing.
12. Ardichvili, A., Cardozo, R., and Ray, S. 2003. A theory of entrepreneurial opportunity
identification and development. Journal of Business venturing, 18(1): 105-123.
13. Barrett, C.B., Reardon, T., and Webb, P. 2001. Nonfarm income diversification and
household livelihood strategies in rural Africa: concepts, dynamics, and policy
implications. Food policy, 26(4): 315-331.
14. Bassand, M. 1986. Self-reliant development in Europe: theory, problems, actions. Gower
Publishing Company.
15. Bhandari, H. 2009. Sustainability of rural development projects. The eighth in a series of
discussion papers produced by the Asia and the Pacific Division, IFAD.
16. Binswanger-Mkhize, H.P. 2012. India 1960-2010: Structural Change, the Rural Non-farm
Sector, and the Prospects for Agriculture. In Berkeley, California: Department of
Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of California, Berkeley. Available at
http://are.berkeley. Edu/documents/seminar/Binswanger. May.
17. Binswanger-Mkhize, H.P., Johnson, T., Samboko, P.C., and You, L. 2016, September. The
impact of urban growth on agricultural and rural non-farm growth in Kenya. In 2016 AAAE
Fifth International Conference, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (No. 249274). African Association of
Agricultural Economists (AAAE). September 23-26.
18. Brunori, G., and Rossi, A. 2000. Synergy and coherence through collective action: some
insights from wine routes in Tuscany. Sociologia ruralis, 40(4): 409-423.
19. Bull, I., and Willard, G.E. 1993. Towards a theory of entrepreneurship. Journal of business
venturing, 8(3), 183-195.
20. Casini, L., Contini, C., and Romano, C. 2012. Paths to developing multifunctional
agriculture: insights for rural development policies. International journal of agricultural
resources, governance and ecology, 9(3-4): 185-203.
21. Cheah, H.B. 1990. Schumpeterian and Austrian entrepreneurship: Unity within
duality. Journal of Business Venturing, 5(6): 341-347.
22. Davis, B., Winters, P., Carletto, G., Covarrubias, K., Quiñones, E.J., Zezza, A., and
DiGiuseppe, S. 2010. A cross-country comparison of rural income generating
activities. World Development, 38(1): 48-63.
23. Davis, J.R. 2003. The Rural Non-Farm Economy, Livelihoods and their
Diversification. Issues and Options. Department for International Development. London.
24. Drucker, P. 2014. Innovation and entrepreneurship. Routledge.
25. Du, H. 1990. Causes of rapid rural industrial development. In: Byrd, W., Lin, Q. (Eds.),
China’s Rural Industry: Structure, Development, and Reform. Oxford University Press for
the World Bank, New York (Chapter 3).
26. Dutz, M. (Ed.). 2007. Unleashing India's innovation: toward sustainable and inclusive
growth. World Bank Publications.
27. Fatima, S., Iqbal, S., Rehman, F.U., and Ali, M. 2011. A study of factors affecting
opportunity recognition process—Case Study of Pakistan an opportunity recognition process
Framework. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 3(8): 1106-
1124.
28. Francis, E., and Hoddinott, J. 1993. Migration and differentiation in western Kenya: A tale
of two sub‐locations. The Journal of Development Studies, 30(1): 115-145.
29. Gans, J.S., Stern, S., and Wu, J. 2016. Foundations of entrepreneurial strategy. Electronic
copy available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2844843.
30. Gupta, V.K., and York, A.S. 2008. Attitudes toward entrepreneurship and small business:
Findings from a survey of Nebraska residents and small business owners. Journal of
Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy, 2(4): 348-366.
31. Haggblade, S., Hazell, P., and Reardon, T. 2010. The rural non-farm economy: Prospects for
growth and poverty reduction. World Development, 38(10): 1429-1441.
32. Hayton, J., Chandler, G.N., and DeTienne, D.R. 2011. Entrepreneurial opportunity
identification and new firm development processes: a comparison of family and non-family
new ventures. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management, 13(1):
12-31.
33. Hazell, P.B., and Rahman, A. (Eds.). 2014. New directions for smallholder agriculture. OUP
Oxford.
34. Heilbrunn, S. 2008. Factors influencing entrepreneurial intensity in communities. Journal of
Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy, 2(1): 37-51.
35. Herron, L., and Sapienza, H.J. 1992. The entrepreneur and the initiation of new venture
launch activities. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 17(1): 49-55.
36. Hörisch, J., Kollat, J., and Brieger, S.A. 2017. What influences environmental
entrepreneurship? A multilevel analysis of the determinants of entrepreneurs’ environmental
orientation. Small Business Economics, 48(1): 47-69.
37. Hussein, K., and Nelson, J. 2016. Sustainable livelihoods and livelihood diversification. IDS
working paper 69. Brighton, UK.
38. Karimzadeh, H., Nikjoo, M., Sadrmosavi, M.S., and Kohestani, H. 2014. Identify the factors
in creating entrepreneurial opportunities in the tourism sector in rural areas using
structural equation model (SME). Geography and Environmental Planning, 25(2): 269-290.
39. Lanjouw, J.O., and Lanjouw, P. 2001. The rural non‐farm sector: issues and evidence from
developing countries. Agricultural economics, 26(1): 1-23.
40. Lenox, M., and York, J.G. 2011. Environmental entrepreneurship. The Oxford handbook of
business and natural environment, 70-92.
41. Liedholm, C. 2007. Enterprise dynamics in the rural nonfarm economy.Transforming the
rural nonfarm economy: Opportunities and threats in the developing world, ed. S. Haggblade
PBR Hazell and T. Reardon, 99-114.
42. Mair, J., and Marti, I. 2006. Social entrepreneurship research: A source of explanation,
prediction, and delight. Journal of world business, 41(1): 36-44.
43. Malekian, A., Hayati, D., and Aarts, N. 2017. Conceptualizations of water security in the
agricultural sector: Perceptions, practices, and paradigms. Journal of Hydrology, 544: 224-
232.
44. Moseley, M.J. 2004. Sustainable Rural Development: the Role of Community Involvement
and Local Partnerships. NATO Science Series Sub Series V Science and Technology
Policy, 41: 125-135.
45. Nemes, G. 2005. Integrated rural development-The concept and its operation (No. MT-DP-
2005/6). IEHAS Discussion Papers.
46. Oriarewo, G.O., Chukwujioke, K., Aondoseer, A., and Aondoseer, A. 2013. Entrepreneurial
Perceptions and Knowledge among Graduates of Nigerian Universities. International
Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 3(6): 1-8.
47. Ozgen, E., and Minsky, B.D. 2007. Opportunity recognition in rural entrepreneurship in
developing countries. International Journal of Entrepreneurship, 11: 49.
48. Poulton, C., Kydd, J., and Dorward, A. 2006. Overcoming market constraints on pro‐poor
agricultural growth in Sub‐Saharan Africa. Development policy review, 24(3): 243-277.
49. Reardon, T. 1997. Using evidence of household income diversification to inform study of the
rural nonfarm labor market in Africa. World development, 25(5): 735-747.
50. Sarwoko, E., Surachman, A., and Hadiwidjojo, D. 2013. Entrepreneurial characteristics and
competency as determinants of business performance in SMEs. IOSR Journal of Business
and Management, 7(3): 31-38.
51. Wall Street Journal. 2014. ‘China Inc. Moves Factory Floor to Africa. Rise Wages at Home
Spur Makers of Shoes, TVs, Cars to Expand on the Continent’. Wonacott, P., 14 May, 2014.
(http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304788404579519631654112594)
52. West, M.A., and Altink, W.M. 1996. Innovation at work: Individual, group, organizational,
and socio-historical perspectives. European Journal of Work and Organizational
Psychology, 5(1): 3-11.
53. Wiggins, S. 2016. Agricultural and rural development reconsidered a guide to issues and
debates. IFAD Research Series 1.