Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources Journal of Studies in Entrepreneurship and Sustainable Agricultural Development 2821-0972 4 3 2017 11 22 Evaluation the quality of entrepreneurship education services (Case Study: faculty of Agriculture, Razi University of Kermanshah) Evaluation the quality of entrepreneurship education services (Case Study: faculty of Agriculture, Razi University of Kermanshah) 1 12 3862 10.22069/jead.2017.12423.1232 FA Journal Article 2017 03 09 Abstract<br />One of the ways to assess the quality of educational services, is estimating the gap between<br />expectations (desired condition) and perceptions (current status) of students. The present study<br />aims to investigate this question that how is the status of entrepreneurship education services at<br />Kermanshah Agricultural College? This research is applied research and in the terms of data<br />collection is a survey type. The survey population is the students of Agricultural College of<br />Kermanshah Razi university who have taken the entrepreneurship as one of the optional courses<br />and they are 104 people that 82 people were examined using Krejcie and Morgan tables. Data<br />collection instrument is Servqual Standard questionnaire includes 22 questions to measure the<br />current status and the desired condition average that it is based on Likert scale and in order to<br />prioritize the components related to the quality of entrepreneurship education services provided<br />to students. In this research the current status and desirable condition average was calculated<br />then comparing these two values the amount of educational services quality gap was<br />determined. The results showed that the highest quality gap are in guarantee (-1.902),<br />accountability (-1.685), empathy (-1.064), reliability (-0.840) dimensions respectively and the<br />lowest gap is in physical dimension (-0.564).<br /><br /> Abstract<br />One of the ways to assess the quality of educational services, is estimating the gap between<br />expectations (desired condition) and perceptions (current status) of students. The present study<br />aims to investigate this question that how is the status of entrepreneurship education services at<br />Kermanshah Agricultural College? This research is applied research and in the terms of data<br />collection is a survey type. The survey population is the students of Agricultural College of<br />Kermanshah Razi university who have taken the entrepreneurship as one of the optional courses<br />and they are 104 people that 82 people were examined using Krejcie and Morgan tables. Data<br />collection instrument is Servqual Standard questionnaire includes 22 questions to measure the<br />current status and the desired condition average that it is based on Likert scale and in order to<br />prioritize the components related to the quality of entrepreneurship education services provided<br />to students. In this research the current status and desirable condition average was calculated<br />then comparing these two values the amount of educational services quality gap was<br />determined. The results showed that the highest quality gap are in guarantee (-1.902),<br />accountability (-1.685), empathy (-1.064), reliability (-0.840) dimensions respectively and the<br />lowest gap is in physical dimension (-0.564).<br /><br /> https://jead.gau.ac.ir/article_3862_8d8058f0e67b5f5ab6972c7119a2805d.pdf

Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources Journal of Studies in Entrepreneurship and Sustainable Agricultural Development 2821-0972 4 3 2017 11 22 Organic Farming as an Opportunity for Agricultural Entrepreneurship Organic Farming as an Opportunity for Agricultural Entrepreneurship 13 23 3868 10.22069/jead.2018.14111.1292 FA Journal Article 2017 10 23 Abstract5<br />Considering the importance of food safety and adverse effects of chemical inputs on the<br />environment and human health, there is an increasing interest in organic farming around the<br />world. Organic farming can improve sustainability, protect the environment, food safety, and<br />increase people’s health. Entrepreneurship and the establishment of small and medium<br />enterprises in organic supply chains including production of organic inputs and products,<br />processing, aggregation and distribution, marketing, delivering and selling them, could create<br />many job opportunities for rural youth, women, farmers and agricultural graduates and thereby<br />help rural and agricultural development, however, for the promotion and development of<br />organic farming, it is firstly needed to promote culture, education and information about organic<br />farming and provide favorable conditions and conducive environment for it. This study is a<br />descriptive and library research and its aim is to review the concept and definition of organic<br />farming and agricultural entrepreneurship. The paper finally explains the role of organic<br />farming in creating business opportunities and presents some suggestions in this regard.<br /><br /> Abstract5<br />Considering the importance of food safety and adverse effects of chemical inputs on the<br />environment and human health, there is an increasing interest in organic farming around the<br />world. Organic farming can improve sustainability, protect the environment, food safety, and<br />increase people’s health. Entrepreneurship and the establishment of small and medium<br />enterprises in organic supply chains including production of organic inputs and products,<br />processing, aggregation and distribution, marketing, delivering and selling them, could create<br />many job opportunities for rural youth, women, farmers and agricultural graduates and thereby<br />help rural and agricultural development, however, for the promotion and development of<br />organic farming, it is firstly needed to promote culture, education and information about organic<br />farming and provide favorable conditions and conducive environment for it. This study is a<br />descriptive and library research and its aim is to review the concept and definition of organic<br />farming and agricultural entrepreneurship. The paper finally explains the role of organic<br />farming in creating business opportunities and presents some suggestions in this regard.<br /><br /> https://jead.gau.ac.ir/article_3868_b42d208380853131bd88183801ec6101.pdf

Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources Journal of Studies in Entrepreneurship and Sustainable Agricultural Development 2821-0972 4 3 2017 11 22 Analysing the implications and challenges of self-employment among the agricultural graduates Analysing the implications and challenges of self-employment among the agricultural graduates 25 38 3864 10.22069/jead.2018.11239.1185 FA Journal Article 2016 05 30 Abstract1<br />Self-employment among the agricultural graduates is one of the most important issues in<br />Iran. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to analyze implications and challenges of how<br />should be developed self-employment among agricultural graduates by a qualitative method.<br />This study was done in two steps. First step was conducted by a Delphi technique during three<br />phases with participation of 25 experts on self-employment include agricultural economic<br />experts, faculty members, staff directors of cooperative department and pioneer entrepreneurs.<br />The second step was done through a content analysis process. A purposeful sampling method<br />was used to select the samples. The results were theoretically saturated by 26 challenges about<br />creating and developing self-employment among the agricultural graduates. Finally, four main<br />themes were extracted and grouped i.e. organizational- institutional, economical, socio- cultural<br />and personal-professional. According to results of this study, some recommendations have been<br />presented at the end of the article.<br /><br /> Abstract1<br />Self-employment among the agricultural graduates is one of the most important issues in<br />Iran. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to analyze implications and challenges of how<br />should be developed self-employment among agricultural graduates by a qualitative method.<br />This study was done in two steps. First step was conducted by a Delphi technique during three<br />phases with participation of 25 experts on self-employment include agricultural economic<br />experts, faculty members, staff directors of cooperative department and pioneer entrepreneurs.<br />The second step was done through a content analysis process. A purposeful sampling method<br />was used to select the samples. The results were theoretically saturated by 26 challenges about<br />creating and developing self-employment among the agricultural graduates. Finally, four main<br />themes were extracted and grouped i.e. organizational- institutional, economical, socio- cultural<br />and personal-professional. According to results of this study, some recommendations have been<br />presented at the end of the article.<br /><br /> https://jead.gau.ac.ir/article_3864_433bcab715d20563d84d3e02bc0d0680.pdf

Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources Journal of Studies in Entrepreneurship and Sustainable Agricultural Development 2821-0972 4 3 2017 11 22 The analysis of social and cultural context of rural entrepreneurship: Providing two models for rural entrepreneurship according to Auguste Comte revising The analysis of social and cultural context of rural entrepreneurship: Providing two models for rural entrepreneurship according to Auguste Comte revising 39 54 3863 10.22069/jead.2018.10658.1159 FA Journal Article 2017 09 18 Abstract1<br />Having based on some of the theoretical concepts in August Comte's system of thinking like<br />"industrial society", "spiritual organization", and "don", this research paper, through a<br />theoretical methodology, presents two analytical models for better explanation of the cultural<br />and social context of rural entrepreneurship. In the first model, there have outlined three<br />approaches to the entrepreneurship as a whole literature: Encyclopedic Approach, Typological<br />Approach, and finally, Sociocultural Approach that is based on and related to the "industrial<br />society", and "spiritual organization" as two critical concepts in August Comte's sociological<br />system. The second model provides and deconstructs three important types of contextual rural<br />entrepreneurship that are: Environmental entrepreneurship (eco-preneuring), Social capital-<br />based rural entrepreneurship, and Social entrepreneurship. The last one is a non-profit<br />entrepreneurship related to the spiritual phenomenon such as religion. The eco-preneuring or<br />green entrepreneurship is a production of high conformity with the new emerging<br />environmental norms, and with the function of leveling and naturalizing the devastating effects<br />of profit-based economic entrepreneurship in rural areas. And finally social capital-based rural<br />entrepreneurship is the outcome of some modifications in George Homan's Social exchange<br />theory in sociology to adapt it with the rural entrepreneurship and linking the rural interactions<br />and networks, traditions and religion with the economic exchanges. The main goal of the paper<br />is to emphasize on shifting the rural entrepreneurship from the mainstream entrepreneurship that<br />is defined in the field of economy, toward the rural entrepreneurship that is based on the<br />sociocultural context and factors.<br /><br /> Abstract1<br />Having based on some of the theoretical concepts in August Comte's system of thinking like<br />"industrial society", "spiritual organization", and "don", this research paper, through a<br />theoretical methodology, presents two analytical models for better explanation of the cultural<br />and social context of rural entrepreneurship. In the first model, there have outlined three<br />approaches to the entrepreneurship as a whole literature: Encyclopedic Approach, Typological<br />Approach, and finally, Sociocultural Approach that is based on and related to the "industrial<br />society", and "spiritual organization" as two critical concepts in August Comte's sociological<br />system. The second model provides and deconstructs three important types of contextual rural<br />entrepreneurship that are: Environmental entrepreneurship (eco-preneuring), Social capital-<br />based rural entrepreneurship, and Social entrepreneurship. The last one is a non-profit<br />entrepreneurship related to the spiritual phenomenon such as religion. The eco-preneuring or<br />green entrepreneurship is a production of high conformity with the new emerging<br />environmental norms, and with the function of leveling and naturalizing the devastating effects<br />of profit-based economic entrepreneurship in rural areas. And finally social capital-based rural<br />entrepreneurship is the outcome of some modifications in George Homan's Social exchange<br />theory in sociology to adapt it with the rural entrepreneurship and linking the rural interactions<br />and networks, traditions and religion with the economic exchanges. The main goal of the paper<br />is to emphasize on shifting the rural entrepreneurship from the mainstream entrepreneurship that<br />is defined in the field of economy, toward the rural entrepreneurship that is based on the<br />sociocultural context and factors.<br /><br /> https://jead.gau.ac.ir/article_3863_3cc13ad99be9fa1546334aec11320423.pdf

Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources Journal of Studies in Entrepreneurship and Sustainable Agricultural Development 2821-0972 4 3 2017 11 22 A Critical Review of Definitions in Opportunity Recognition in Agricultural Entrepreneurship (ORAE): Introducing a New Scale to Measure ORAE A Critical Review of Definitions in Opportunity Recognition in Agricultural Entrepreneurship (ORAE): Introducing a New Scale to Measure ORAE 55 70 3865 10.22069/jead.2018.13454.1271 FA Journal Article 2017 06 10 Abstract1<br />Opportunity recognition is at the heart of agricultural entrepreneurship. Therefore,<br />understanding the essence of opportunity is central in opportunity recognition literature. This<br />review article sought to investigate the answers to questions such as what opportunity is; what is<br />the difference between opportunity and idea; what opportunity recognition entails; what is<br />opportunity recognition in agricultural entrepreneurship; how opportunity recognition in<br />agricultural entrepreneurship is measured. Review of related articles indicate that most<br />international scholars have attempted to improve individuals’ competency in recognizing<br />agricultural entrepreneurship opportunities as well as identifying factors influencing opportunity<br />recognition in agricultural entrepreneurship. Moreover, many scholars have tried to present<br />models of agricultural entrepreneurship development. However, limited attention has been paid<br />to opportunity recognition in agricultural entrepreneurship in Iran. The first part of this review<br />article attempts to provide answers to above questions and in the last part of the paper we<br />provide a new scale to measure opportunity recognition in agricultural entrepreneurship.<br /><br /> Abstract1<br />Opportunity recognition is at the heart of agricultural entrepreneurship. Therefore,<br />understanding the essence of opportunity is central in opportunity recognition literature. This<br />review article sought to investigate the answers to questions such as what opportunity is; what is<br />the difference between opportunity and idea; what opportunity recognition entails; what is<br />opportunity recognition in agricultural entrepreneurship; how opportunity recognition in<br />agricultural entrepreneurship is measured. Review of related articles indicate that most<br />international scholars have attempted to improve individuals’ competency in recognizing<br />agricultural entrepreneurship opportunities as well as identifying factors influencing opportunity<br />recognition in agricultural entrepreneurship. Moreover, many scholars have tried to present<br />models of agricultural entrepreneurship development. However, limited attention has been paid<br />to opportunity recognition in agricultural entrepreneurship in Iran. The first part of this review<br />article attempts to provide answers to above questions and in the last part of the paper we<br />provide a new scale to measure opportunity recognition in agricultural entrepreneurship.<br /><br /> https://jead.gau.ac.ir/article_3865_b44e592e908e8d6621b70cf35aaac8f6.pdf

Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources Journal of Studies in Entrepreneurship and Sustainable Agricultural Development 2821-0972 4 3 2017 11 22 Directing Rural Development through Non-Farm Economy Entrepreneurial Strategy Directing Rural Development through Non-Farm Economy Entrepreneurial Strategy 71 87 3867 10.22069/jead.2018.14001.1286 FA Journal Article 2017 10 28 Abstract1<br />Entrepreneurship is one of the most important determinants of rural development.<br />Elaboration of this concept in rural areas needs an entrepreneurial strategy. Nowadays, the rural<br />development approaches have reduced their focus on development of agriculture sector and<br />have distinguished between rural and agricultural development. Following such an approach,<br />the common tendency of the new rural development approaches has led to a concept named<br />rural non-farm economy. This concept is along with objects and elements of entrepreneurship.<br />Therefore, the aim of this review study was to investigate the application of non-farm economy<br />as the entrepreneurial strategy for rural development. In this regard, firstly entrepreneurship<br />debates were investigated, and later the concept of rural non-farm economy were analyzed by<br />those debates. Finally, the concept of rural non-farm economy were matched with<br />entrepreneurship debates. The results showed that the concepts of entrepreneurship and non<br />farm economy have common dimensions, elements and objects. The results of this study<br />confirm the potential of rural non-farm economy for application as the entrepreneurial strategy.<br />Moreover, requirements and challenges for application of rural non-farm economy have been<br />discussed.<br /><br /> Abstract1<br />Entrepreneurship is one of the most important determinants of rural development.<br />Elaboration of this concept in rural areas needs an entrepreneurial strategy. Nowadays, the rural<br />development approaches have reduced their focus on development of agriculture sector and<br />have distinguished between rural and agricultural development. Following such an approach,<br />the common tendency of the new rural development approaches has led to a concept named<br />rural non-farm economy. This concept is along with objects and elements of entrepreneurship.<br />Therefore, the aim of this review study was to investigate the application of non-farm economy<br />as the entrepreneurial strategy for rural development. In this regard, firstly entrepreneurship<br />debates were investigated, and later the concept of rural non-farm economy were analyzed by<br />those debates. Finally, the concept of rural non-farm economy were matched with<br />entrepreneurship debates. The results showed that the concepts of entrepreneurship and non<br />farm economy have common dimensions, elements and objects. The results of this study<br />confirm the potential of rural non-farm economy for application as the entrepreneurial strategy.<br />Moreover, requirements and challenges for application of rural non-farm economy have been<br />discussed.<br /><br /> https://jead.gau.ac.ir/article_3867_8820ae4a0bb6246c3b54e2d54b345e20.pdf

Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources Journal of Studies in Entrepreneurship and Sustainable Agricultural Development 2821-0972 4 3 2017 11 22 An Analysis of Supply Chain in Agriculture Sector: Case of Strawberry Production in Ramian County, Golestan Province An Analysis of Supply Chain in Agriculture Sector: Case of Strawberry Production in Ramian County, Golestan Province 89 104 3866 10.22069/jead.2017.13541.1275 FA Journal Article 2017 06 22 Abstract1<br />The aim of this research was to investigate the input supply chain in the production of<br />strawberries in the Ramian County. The qualitative research was done using phenomenological<br />method and the qualitative data was collected by semi-structured interviews and direct<br />observation. A representative sample of stakeholders in supply chain (n=55), including<br />strawberry farmers, dealers and suppliers in the region were selected using snowball sampling.<br />The collected data were analyzed using narrative techniques and mind mapping. Research<br />results showed different paths for strawberry supply chain. Results showed that the Ramian<br />County because of its specific geographic location conditions and mountain climate is very<br />successful in strawberry cultivation and production. Thus, supply chain of strawberry<br />production could be developed by establishing local festivals during the harvest season, local<br />markets, roadside selling stations, processing fresh products (jams, jellies, marmalade) and<br />introducing a local brand in the Ramian County.<br /><br /> Abstract1<br />The aim of this research was to investigate the input supply chain in the production of<br />strawberries in the Ramian County. The qualitative research was done using phenomenological<br />method and the qualitative data was collected by semi-structured interviews and direct<br />observation. A representative sample of stakeholders in supply chain (n=55), including<br />strawberry farmers, dealers and suppliers in the region were selected using snowball sampling.<br />The collected data were analyzed using narrative techniques and mind mapping. Research<br />results showed different paths for strawberry supply chain. Results showed that the Ramian<br />County because of its specific geographic location conditions and mountain climate is very<br />successful in strawberry cultivation and production. Thus, supply chain of strawberry<br />production could be developed by establishing local festivals during the harvest season, local<br />markets, roadside selling stations, processing fresh products (jams, jellies, marmalade) and<br />introducing a local brand in the Ramian County.<br /><br /> https://jead.gau.ac.ir/article_3866_0f7274dbaa49b7e32f00d5cadb40819a.pdf